The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pasteurization, lyophilization and spray-drying on the lipid profile of donated human milk (DHM) at different lactation stages. Nine frozen samples of colostrum, transitional and raw mature human milk (HM) were collected from the Human Milk Bank (HMB) of the Hospital Universitário de Maringá (HUM). Samples were thawed and pooled according to lactation stage. Thereafter, it was submitted to pasteurization, lyophilization and spray-drying processes and later the fatty acid (FA) composition and the lipid profile analyses were performed. Gas chromatograph (GC) with flame ionization detector (FID) and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometer (MS) were used, respectively. In the FA composition analysis, it was observed that the same classes of saturated FA (SFA), monounsaturated FA (MUFA) and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) were preserved throughout the process and in all lactation stages. The lipid profiles were also preserved after processing. Therefore, the lyophilization and spray-drying processes are promising techniques to preserve the DHM in the HMB, once the components evaluated were preserved, and both techniques facilitate the transport and storage, as the techniques reduce the sample volume.

Abstract This article analyzes the discourses within Health Promotion (HP) practices in Primary Health Care (PHC) that constitute actions of resistance and counter-conduct to the neoliberal governmentality inscribed in these tools. Drawing upon descriptive and exploratory field research, together with a qualitative approach, we interviewed 23 PHC workers in a municipality in southern Brazil. The results point out possibilities to enhance HP in PHC: strengthening training activities within health units; problematizing Social Determinants of Health (SDH); methods to encourage participation; collectivization of health demands; appreciation and reinforcement of achievements and collective actions; recovery of the local community’s culture and habits; and HP advocacy in PHC.

Resumo Esse artigo tem como objetivo analisar as práticas de Promoção da Saúde (PS), realizadas na Atenção Primária em Saúde (APS), capazes de se constituírem como ações de resistência e contraconduta à governamentalidade neoliberal. Realizamos uma pesquisa de campo, descritiva e exploratória, de abordagem qualitativa, no contexto da APS de um município do sul do Brasil. Foram entrevistados 23 trabalhadores. Os resultados apontam possibilidades a serem exploradas para potencializar a PS na APS: o fortalecimento das atividades formativas no âmbito das unidades de saúde; a problematização dos Determinantes Sociais da Saúde; os métodos de fomento à participação; a coletivização das demandas em saúde; a valorização e reforço das conquistas e das ações coletivas; o resgate da cultura e de hábitos comunitários locais; e, o advocacy pela PS na APS.

Resumo Esse artigo tem como objetivo analisar as práticas de Promoção da Saúde (PS), realizadas na Atenção Primária em Saúde (APS), capazes de se constituírem como ações de resistência e contraconduta à governamentalidade neoliberal. Realizamos uma pesquisa de campo, descritiva e exploratória, de abordagem qualitativa, no contexto da APS de um município do sul do Brasil. Foram entrevistados 23 trabalhadores. Os resultados apontam possibilidades a serem exploradas para potencializar a PS na APS: o fortalecimento das atividades formativas no âmbito das unidades de saúde; a problematização dos Determinantes Sociais da Saúde; os métodos de fomento à participação; a coletivização das demandas em saúde; a valorização e reforço das conquistas e das ações coletivas; o resgate da cultura e de hábitos comunitários locais; e, o advocacy pela PS na APS.

Abstract This article analyzes the discourses within Health Promotion (HP) practices in Primary Health Care (PHC) that constitute actions of resistance and counter-conduct to the neoliberal governmentality inscribed in these tools. Drawing upon descriptive and exploratory field research, together with a qualitative approach, we interviewed 23 PHC workers in a municipality in southern Brazil. The results point out possibilities to enhance HP in PHC: strengthening training activities within health units; problematizing Social Determinants of Health (SDH); methods to encourage participation; collectivization of health demands; appreciation and reinforcement of achievements and collective actions; recovery of the local community’s culture and habits; and HP advocacy in PHC.

The present work intends to obtain and characterize a milk by-product: the human whey (HW), in order to avoid the excessive disposal of human milk (HM). The characterization was performed through analyzes of the chemical composition and fatty acids (FAs) and the triacylglycerol (TAG) lipid profile. The results indicated that the chemical composition altered significantly after the HW obtained, except for the percentage of ash and carbohydrates. About the FA composition, it was observed that strictly essential FA, essential FA and other FAs found in HM remained present in HW. For the nutritional lipids quality, the atherogenicity and the thrombogenicity indices presented desirable values, and the TAGs lipid profile revealed a variation in the analyzed samples. Therefore, it can be concluded that the characterized HW has potential for application in isolated form or to be used as an ingredient in other foods.

RESUMO Objetivo Medir a prevalência do uso na vida, no último ano e no último mês de duas club drugs – o ecstasy e o LSD –, bem como as características associadas ao uso dessas substâncias, no último mês, entre estudantes de graduação de uma universidade no Sul do Brasil. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal conduzido no ano de 2015 com amostragem aleatória sistemática por conglomerados. Participaram 1.423 estudantes de graduação. Foi utilizado um modelo de análise multivariável em três níveis hierárquicos por meio da regressão de Poisson com ajuste robusto da variância. Resultados As prevalências de uso na vida, no último ano e no último mês de club drugs foram de 12,7%, 7,8% e 3,8%, respectivamente. Indivíduos do sexo masculino, com orientação sexual homossexual ou bissexual, mais jovens, que moravam com seus pares, solteiros, e que relataram uso no último mês de tabaco e maconha apresentaram maior probabilidade de ter feito uso no último mês de alguma club drug. Entretanto, a variável mais fortemente associada a esse desfecho foi ter algum amigo que já fez uso de alguma droga ilícita na vida (RP = 19,54). Conclusões O ambiente universitário parece ser um terreno fértil para a difusão do uso de club drugs. O fortalecimento de uma rede de apoio institucional da universidade, capaz de propor atividades de prevenção, bem como de identificar, acolher e encaminhar casos em que haja abuso e dependência dessas substâncias, pode ser uma estratégia importante para lidar com essa problemática.

ABSTRACT Objective To measure the prevalence of lifetime, last-year, and last-month use of two club drugs – ecstasy and LSD –, as well as the characteristics associated with the last-month use of these substances among undergraduate students at a university in southern Brazil. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2015 with a clustered systematic sampling strategy. Overall, 1,423 undergraduate students participated. A three-level hierarchical multivariate analysis model was used through Poisson regression with robust adjustment of variance. Results Prevalence of lifetime, last-year, and last-month use of club drugs were 12.7%, 7.8% and 3.8%, respectively. Male participants, with homosexual or bisexual sexual orientation, younger, who lived with their peers, who were single, and who reported last-month use of tobacco and marijuana had higher probability of last-month use club drugs. However, the variable most strongly associated with this outcome was having a friend with lifetime use of illicit drugs (PR = 19.54). Conclusions University environment seems to be a fertile ground for the spread of the use of club drugs. The strengthening of the university’s institutional assistance network, capable of proposing prevention activities, as well as identifying, supporting and referring cases where there is abuse and dependence on these substances can be an important strategy to deal with this problem.

Considering the increasing number of low cost vegetable oil product adulterations, it is necessary to assess the authenticity of the lipid sources used in the dog food manufacture, consequently different brands and classifications of feed were analyzed to verify the product authenticity by gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detector (FID) and by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Fatty acid (FA) composition analysis was performed to compare the FAs amount in samples with the respective guarantee levels stated by the manufacturers on its product label. Gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) results for omega-3 and 6 percentages are within the limits presented by each manufacturer, while the timnodonic + cervonic acids amount information presented on feed sample labels is not in accordance with GC-FID results. Consequently, the samples were analyzed by ESI-MS, the results exposed the chicken oil presence in the feed and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) + docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids absence, since no lipid profiles similar to fish oils or triacylglycerols (TAGs) containing these two FAs were found. Thus, the information presented on labels are in disagreement with the results obtained both by GC-FID FA composition analysis and by ESI-MS lipid profile analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed that the main contribution was from FAs found by GC-FID.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is known for its bioactive compounds with high antioxidant potential and pharmacological properties, such as antibacterial, antidepressant and anti-inflammatory. These properties are attributed to the presence of (poly)phenolic compounds. In the literature there is no extraction of these compounds with a totally non-toxic solvent, capable of applying the extract directly to the food. This work aimed to optimize the extraction conditions of bioactive compounds from the rosemary leaves using water as solvent. According to the analysis of variance parameters, a cubic model of high order of significance was obtained with adjusted R2 (R squared) > 0.947. The optimal conditions of the antioxidant potential for conventional and ultrasonic agitation were: temperature 70 °C, 30 min of extraction and the solvent/solute ratio of 25, resulting in an antioxidant potential of 6861 and 7126 µmol L−1 Trolox, respectively. The electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI(−)-MS/MS) analysis showed the presence of antioxidant compounds such as: carnosol (m/z 329.20), rosmanol (m/z 345.03) and rosmarinic (m/z359.14) acids. The response surface methodology evaluated the influence of the main parameters of the bioactive compounds extraction from rosemary using only water as solvent, in addition to the use of less time and sample mass, resulting in lower cost.

This work reports the theoretical and experimental study of fragmentation reactions in the gas phase of five phenolic acids using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry by electrospray ionization in negative ionic mode, as well as the isotope exchange experiments. MS/MS spectra were analyzed to suggest the fragmentation mechanisms, while theoretical calculations at the theory level B3LYP/6-311+G** were performed to expose the proposed mechanisms viability for this class of compounds. As expected, compounds with aromatic methoxy substitution presented •CH3 radical elimination as the principal fragmentation pathway, forming dystonic ions. Compounds without methoxy substituents dissociate with higher energies losing the CO2, CO and H2O. The isotopic marking experiments indicated the exchange of hydrogens by deuterases in the hydroxyl protons, which corroborates with the proposed mechanisms.

Resumo Neste artigo, buscamos conhecer como foram se constituindo alguns dos regimes de verdade sobre as práticas integrativas e complementares em saúde (Pics) nas políticas públicas de saúde, especialmente na Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares (PNPIC), com a inclusão de saberes e práticas não convencionais no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Por meio de uma abordagem qualitativa inspirada no método genealógico de Michel Foucault, as Pics são analisadas como uma invenção, uma fabricação que teve sua emergência na PNPIC. Dessa forma, este estudo possibilita refletir sobre alguns dos regimes de verdade que constituem as Pics, em suas convergências com os discursos e as práticas da promoção da saúde, na vertente que responsabiliza os estilos de vida nos processos de saúde e doença. Ao mesmo tempo, tais discursos, por meio do dispositivo do risco, direcionam as condutas dos indivíduos e da população, produzindo corpos e subjetividades controlados pelas políticas neoliberais.

Abstract The objective of this article is to analyze the formation of a system of truths concerning the public policies for integrative and complementary practices in health care (PICS), especially in the National Policy for Integrative and Complementary Practices (PNPIC), which included nonconventional knowledge and practices in the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). We thus analyze the PICS as an invention that emerged from the PNPIC, in a qualitative investigation inspired by Michel Foucault’s genealogy. This study enables the reflection on the system of truths that constitute the PICS, converging in discourses and practices of health promotion that places the responsibility of the health and disease processes on the lifestyles of individuals. Concurrently, this very discourse drives individual and collective attitudes using the device of risk, producing bodies and subjectivities controlled by neoliberal policies.

Resumo Neste artigo, buscamos conhecer como foram se constituindo alguns dos regimes de verdade sobre as práticas integrativas e complementares em saúde (Pics) nas políticas públicas de saúde, especialmente na Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares (PNPIC), com a inclusão de saberes e práticas não convencionais no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Por meio de uma abordagem qualitativa inspirada no método genealógico de Michel Foucault, as Pics são analisadas como uma invenção, uma fabricação que teve sua emergência na PNPIC. Dessa forma, este estudo possibilita refletir sobre alguns dos regimes de verdade que constituem as Pics, em suas convergências com os discursos e as práticas da promoção da saúde, na vertente que responsabiliza os estilos de vida nos processos de saúde e doença. Ao mesmo tempo, tais discursos, por meio do dispositivo do risco, direcionam as condutas dos indivíduos e da população, produzindo corpos e subjetividades controlados pelas políticas neoliberais.

Abstract The objective of this article is to analyze the formation of a system of truths concerning the public policies for integrative and complementary practices in health care (PICS), especially in the National Policy for Integrative and Complementary Practices (PNPIC), which included nonconventional knowledge and practices in the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). We thus analyze the PICS as an invention that emerged from the PNPIC, in a qualitative investigation inspired by Michel Foucault’s genealogy. This study enables the reflection on the system of truths that constitute the PICS, converging in discourses and practices of health promotion that places the responsibility of the health and disease processes on the lifestyles of individuals. Concurrently, this very discourse drives individual and collective attitudes using the device of risk, producing bodies and subjectivities controlled by neoliberal policies.

The developed method (DM) allows to perform experiments in shorter time with reduced amount of sample and reagent for fatty acids (FA) determination in fermented milk samples. Design Expert software was employed to discover the greatest sonication time (7 and 20 min) and concentration for alkaline and acidic reactions (0.70 and 1.5 mol L-1). Validation procedures were applied in yogurt samples with diverse fat content, ranging from 1.22 to 2.83%, being in agreement with acceptable values. Besides, the intraday relative standard deviation (RSD) (1.86%) and interday RSD (4.23%) values confirmed the good accuracy of the proposed method for FA derivatization.

Vegetable oil analyses, especially due to the complexity of the oil components, are commonly laborious, requiring several analytical techniques. In this work, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with direct injection (DIMS), along with 18-crown-6 ether (crown ether) chelating agent and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), was used to characterize and semi-quantitatively evaluate commercial vegetable oils. As a result, an unprecedented DIMS method of triacylglycerols (TAGs) analysis for semi-quantitative profiling of fatty acids in commercial oils (e.g., soybean, sunflower, corn, oil, canola), without sample derivatization, was developed. The results of the ion abundances related to the analyzed TAGs, with quantitative percentage analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID), allowed generating correction factors for each oil. DIMS analysis with crown ether/TFA resulted in the elimination of isobaric interferences from sodium and potassium adducts, facilitating the ion assignments, due to the one-ion-per-molecule observation in the mass spectrum. Chemometric analyses by principal component analysis (PCA) and heatmap, to evaluate the ionic profile of the oils, grouped them accordingly to their TAG content. Olive oil was identified as the most different from the other oils. Overall, a semi-quantitative approach to investigate the vegetable oils, reaching low percentage variation for DIMS, with 2 min analyses and 30 min sample preparation, was proposed.

In this study, a rapid and simple analytical method was proposed, based on protein precipitation as sample preparation for simultaneous determination of tetracycline, oxytetracycline, penicillin G and ceftiofur in raw milk by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The method was applied to raw milk samples from dairy cows medicated with tetracycline for subclinical mastitis. Samples were collected from the adjacent teat to the teat treated with tetracycline of eight different cows at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after treatment. The limits of quantification of the proposed method ranged between 1 and 5 ng g-1 and limits of detection ranged between 0.1 and 0.5 ng g-1. The recoveries ranged from 61 to 111% and the linear range was 1 to 2064 ng g-1 for tetracycline and oxytetracycline, and 5 to 2064 ng g-1 for penicillin G and ceftiofur. Approximately 75 and 63% of the treated animals revealed more tetracycline than legally recommended at 72 and 96 h since last treatment, respectively.

Due to the amount of pigments, sugars and fibers found in fruits, the fatty acid quantification process leads to errors, such as its amount underestimation in the matrix. Therefore, the proposed method allows performing experiments in shorter time with reduced amount of sample and reagent. Design Expert software was used to find the validated time for alkaline and acidic reactions, which were six and eight minutes, respectively, and both concentration was 0.5 mol L-1. The validation was made for avocado pulp and different fruits were used for application of the method, such as: apple, mango, coconut and another avocado variety. Accuracy values ranged from 89.05 to 100.21%, being in accordance with acceptable values. Also the relative standard deviation (RSD)intra-day (0.30 to 1.30%) and the RSDinter-day values (0.32 to 1.44%) confirmed that the proposed method for fatty acid derivatization has good precision.

This study evaluated the incorporation of β-carotene, lutein and lycopene into tilapia (genetically improved farmed tilapia, GIFT) fillets supplemented through 0, 20 and 40 days, and their influence on the fatty acid composition and nutritional quality of raw and grilled fillets. A control diet and a diet containing those carotenoids were elaborated with the same lipid source (soybean oil). For carotenoids analysis, the extraction was performed according to the literature, employing acetone and hexane. The relative intensities of m/z ratios of those carotenoids ions were obtained by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with chemical ionization at atmospheric pressure (UPLC-APCI MS/MS), and an increase of carotenoid concentration in the supplemented fillets was observed, especially after the grilling process (180 ºC for 15 min). An increase in the concentration of total carotenoids in grilled fillets (75 and 35% higher than raw fillets, for 20 and 40 days of supplementation, respectively, corresponding to 8.32 and 2.42 µg β-carotene g-1 sample) was also observed. Therefore, the carotenoids promoted the stability of lipid oxidation in grilled samples; fact that can be correlated with antioxidant effect of these compounds, it can be also explained by the breakdown of carotenoids physical barrier and the conditions used in the grilling process. Moreover, acceptable n-6/n-3 indices and recommended polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA) values were observed in supplemented fillets. Consequently, lutein, β-carotene and lycopene were considered viable as additive on fish diet, since the supplementation promoted the increase of food quality, even after preparation for consumption.